WEATHER systems, as the world has recently been reminded, have awesome power. The energy released by a large hurricane can exceed the energy consumption of the human race for a whole year, and even an average tornado has a power similar to that of a large power station. If only mankind could harness that energy, rather than being at its mercy. Louis Michaud, a Canadian engineer who works at a large oil company, believes he has devised a way to do just that, by generating artificial whirlwinds that can be controlled and harnessed. He calls his invention the “atmospheric vortex engine”.
His idea works on a similar principle to a solar chimney, which consists of a tall, hollow cylinder surrounded by a large greenhouse. The sun heats the air in the greenhouse, and the hot air rises. But its only escape route is via the chimney. A turbine at the base of the chimney generates electricity as the air rushes by. A small solar chimney was operated successfully in Spain in the 1980s, and EnviroMission, an Australian firm, is planning to build a 1,000-metre-high example in New South Wales. See video clip of this project. The efficiency of such a system is in proportion to the intensity of global solar radiation, collector area and tower height. Optimising the system to make it technically and economically feasible, given solar radiation at a site, consists in a combination of collector area and tower height. Overall efficiency is low 2-3%. Louis Michaud's scheme proposes to replace the very tall chimney with a tornado-like vortex of spinning air, which could extend several kilometres into the atmosphere, thus enabling to increase overall efficiency of the system to 25% says Michaud.
This vortex would be produced inside a large cylindrical wall, 200 metres in diameter and 100 metres tall. Warm air at ground level enters via tangential inlets around the base of the wall. Steam is also injected to get the vortex started. Once established, the heat content of the air at ground level is enough to keep the vortex going. As the air rises, it expands and cools, and water vapour condenses, releasing even more heat. This is, in fact, what powers a tornado, which can be thought of as a heat engine that takes in warm, humid air at its base, releases cold, watery air at the top of the troposphere, about 12 kilometres up, and produces a vast amount of mechanical energy in the process. Just as water requires heat to convert it steam, steam releases heat as it condenses back into a liquid water.
Mr Michaud's vortex would reach a similar height to that of a tornado, but its base would remain stationary. The intensity of the vortex would be controlled by closing the inlets around the base, or by opening another set of inlets to inject air in the opposite direction and so slow the vortex's rotation. And, of course, there would be a set of turbines at the base of the vortex that would allow its energy to be harnessed as air rushed through the inlets. Mr Michaud estimates that an atmospheric vortex engine with a diameter of 200 metres would produce around 200 megawatts of power.
Yes, but would it actually work? And if it did, could the resulting vortex really be controlled? Mr Michaud admits that the word “tornado” tends to worry people. This summer, 30 years after he had the original idea, and having failed to convince his employer or any other energy firm to take it on, he began tests at a site in Utah, with a cylindrical wall 10 metres in diameter. His initial aim is to demonstrate that artificial vortices can indeed be created and controlled. The next phase, he says, would be to modify a cooling tower at an existing power station so that it uses a spinning vortex rather than the usual large fans to generate the necessary airflow within. The final step would be to add turbines to extract energy from the vortex.
Besides the engineering challenges involved, Mr Michaud must navigate the cultural divide between atmospheric scientists and the weather-modification community. The scientists regard the weather-modification crowd as cranks. They, in turn, cannot understand why the scientists are not taking a more hands-on, experimental approach to understanding the weather, rather than simply observing and modelling it. Mr Michaud has published nine papers in atmospheric-science and meteorology journals, and says his invention relies on principles that are consistent with scientists' current understanding of how natural weather systems work. So much for the theory. Now he must demonstrate that it works in practice.